@article{Kubiak_2016, title={STAN NIETRZEŹWOŚCI JAKO „AFEKT” W RZYMSKIM PRAWIE KARNYM?}, volume={15}, url={https://czasopisma.uksw.edu.pl/index.php/zp/article/view/700}, DOI={10.21697/zp.2015.15.1.02}, abstractNote={<p>Drunkenness – a “Passion” in Roman Criminal Law?</p><p><span id="tinymce" class="mceContentBody " dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Summary</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span id="tinymce" class="mceContentBody " dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 8pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT-SC700; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: MinionPro-Regular; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Since ancient times jurists and lawyers have had to handle offences<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">connected with alcohol abuse. There are only three texts on drunkenness in the Roman legal sources: two relate to offences committed by<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">inebriate soldiers, and the third contains the basic division into intentional offences, accidental offences, and crimes of passion. In all three<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">categories drunkenness was a mitigating factor, which may be surprising for modern lawyers. Other Roman sources present public opinion<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">on drinking, which seems to have depended on the circumstances<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">– heavy drinking and alcoholism were disapproved of. A precise analysis of the rhetorical writings shows elaborate distinctions between<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">intentional and unintentional acts. Drunkenness was regarded as an<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">emotional state which could influence the penalty, but the specific circumstances of the offence were crucial. The rhetorical works confirm<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">the views presented in poetry and philosophy. Contrary to the legal<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">sources, the facts seem to show that a judge could sentence an offender<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">to a severe or mild punishment, or even acquit him if drunkenness had<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">been a factor contributing to the offence. The rhetorical works may be<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">considered to provide not only an important theoretical background to<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">the legal sources, but also crucial supplementary information giving<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #231f20; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">a better insight into Roman criminal law.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>}, number={1}, journal={Zeszyty Prawnicze}, author={Kubiak, Przemysław}, year={2016}, month={grudz.}, pages={33–52} }