Czasopismo tymczasowo zawieszone. „Politologia” jest czasopismem naukowym (rocznikiem) publikującym wyniki badań empirycznych nad zjawiskami politycznymi. Stosujemy przyjęte w publikacjach naukowych zasady etyki, artykuły są anonimowo recenzowane.
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Autorzy przekazują wydawcy autorskie prawa majątkowe.
International leadership models in the assumptions of the theory of realism
This article is of theoretical nature and aims to try to define various models of international leadership and their nature in the light of the assumptions of realism. The main research determinants include the ones typical for the abovementioned theory, such as an actor’s identity, its position in the system, as well as the source of power and interdependencies to which it is subjected. These, on the other hand, may turn out to be useful in outlining types of international leadership represented by particular players. In realism international leaders (states) attempt at attaining their goals by maximizing their own power, security or by exerting influence. The tools and methods they use depend on their feeling of identity, therefore, they choose the path of aggression, negotiation or peaceful cooperation. Thanks to this and as a result of influence exerted by other international leaders and the structure itself, they occupy a particular position in the international environment. This position determines their attitude to each other and to the system in which they function (and vice versa). In this way international roles played by the international leaders are built. Such roles are not permanent. They require revision of observation of factors inside the state and in the system, as well as acceptance of other leaders (it is not enough for an actor to want to be a hegemonic leader to be acknowledged as such by others).
Power, Optimism and Risk-taking in the case of Mongolia
This research aimed to analyze the correlation between the sense of power, optimism, and the proclivity for risk-taking, using the research method described by Anderson and Galinsky in their article “Power, optimism, and risk-taking” in 2006. This research examines power within interpersonal communications by analysing the correlation of power, the behavioural approach/inhibition, optimism, and the inclination for risk-taking, using methods of interview, experiment, and testing. The research was conducted in 4 sequential studies. Study I examined the concept of power consciously and examined its effect upon the tendency in motivation through the behavioral approach and inhibition system. Study II examined the concept of power unconciously, and measured its effect in risk-taking tendencies through the gain/loss frame. Study III focused on the correlation between a general sense of power and an optimistic attitude. Study IV specifically selected persons in supervisory positions in both the private and public sectors, assuming them to be practicing positions of relative power and control; and then measured their tendencies in risk-taking through the gain/loss frame and the behavioral approach and inhibition system. Finally, we attempted to make basic comparisons of our findings with similar findings in the cases of the USA, China and Japan. Although we proposed a similar hypothesis as Anderson and Galinsky, our research findings revealed that results of Mongolian participants strongly contrasted with theirs. While recognizing our limitations in customizing this research methodology to our local context, we may have to consider other contextual factors such as the feeling of freedom inherent in a nomadic culture, overwhelmingly unstable mid-level managerial positions (both in Government and the private sector), the heavy responsibility and limitations imposed upon those in supervisory positions, and last but not least, that our sample of participants were mostly between 18-40 years of age and brimming with optimism and self-efficacy.