Published: 2026-03-31

The DREAMED FORESHADOWINGS? The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Jan Potocki and Wojciech Has as a Cinematic Prototype of a Video Game: as a Cinematic Prototype of a Video Game: An Intermedial Study

Iwona Grodź Profil ORCID autora Iwona Grodź
Kultura Media Teologia
Section: peer-reviewed article
DOI https://doi.org/10.21697/kmt.2025.65.03

Abstract

This article presents a literary and media analysis of The Manuscript Found in Saragossa – the novel (1805, Polish edition 1847) by Jan Potocki (1761–1815) and its film adaptation (1964, released in 1965) by Wojciech Has (1925–2000) – as a precursor to the structure and logic of video games.

The aim of this article is to demonstrate that The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, both as a literary text and as a film, features a pioneering narrative structure that anticipates the logic of modern video games, particularly those with non-linear plots, open-world environments, and mise en abyme structures (stories within stories). The study is based on the premise that Potocki’s novel and Has’s film adaptation, through their modular construction, recursive narrative loops, immersive qualities, and the protagonist’s influence on plot progression, can be interpreted as a literary model akin to the design of interactive worlds in role-playing and adventure games.

The findings suggest that The Manuscript Found in Saragossa can be regarded as a precursor to contemporary video game storytelling, both structurally and functionally, serving as a literary prototype of the “narrative game” well before the digital era.

Research material: Jan Potocki’s novel The Manuscript Found in Saragossa and Wojciech Has’s film adaptation; theoretical works in the fields of game studies and narratology.

Keywords:

game, literature, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, Jan Potocki

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Citation rules

Grodź, Iwona. “The DREAMED FORESHADOWINGS? The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Jan Potocki and Wojciech Has As a Cinematic Prototype of a Video Game: As a Cinematic Prototype of a Video Game: An Intermedial Study ”. Kultura Media Teologia, vol. 65, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 44-63, doi:10.21697/kmt.2025.65.03.

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