Published: 2025-12-30

The polish internet users on hate speech

Marek Kochan
Kultura Media Teologia
Section: Varia
https://doi.org/10.21697/kmt.2025.64.13

Abstract

The article presents the results of the research conducted in March 2019 and November 2024 on the representative samples of Polish internet users over 15 years of age (N=815 in both surveys), devoted to their opinions on the hate speech phenomenon in internet: understanding the meaning of the term hate speech (hejt in Polish), motivations to criticize other internet users and to use the hate speech (hejtować in Polish), the groups using the most often hate speech (hejt) and the groups being the most often the victims of hate speech. The changes in time (between 2019 and 2024) are analysed in the article. About 90% of Polish internet users treat the hate speech as the serious social problem and supports fight against it. At the same time in opinion of three of four Polish internet users (74% in 2019 and 73% in 2024) fight against hate speech should not limit the freedom of speech.

Keywords:

hate speech, Poland, Polish internet users, public opinion survey, freedom of speech

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Citation rules

Kochan, Marek. “The Polish Internet Users on Hate Speech”. Kultura Media Teologia, vol. 4, no. 64, Dec. 2025, pp. 206–234 , doi:10.21697/kmt.2025.64.13.

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