Act of 27 October 2017 on Primary Health Care. (2017). Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, item 2217.
Google Scholar

Collins, T. E., Akselrod, S., Atun, R., Bennett, S., Ogbuoji, O., Hanson, M., Dubois, G., Shakarishvili, A., Kalnina, I., Requejo, J., Mosneaga, A., Watabe, A., Berlina, D., & Allen, L. N. (2023). Converging global health agendas and universal health coverage: Financing whole-of-government action
Google Scholar

through UHC. The Lancet Global Health, 11(12), e1978–e1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00489-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00489-8
Google Scholar

Grudziąż-Sękowska, J., Sękowski, K., Jankowski, M., Surma, S., Kamińska, A., & Olearczyk, A. (2026). Population-level evidence on lifestyle-related education and preventive services in primary care in Poland: A 2025 cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1779567. https://doi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1779567
Google Scholar

org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1779567
Google Scholar

Guziak, M., Świtajska, A. J., & Šantrić-Milićević, M. (2025). Coordinated care program in the Polish primary healthcare: Insights into the early implementation. Archives of Public Health, 83(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01809-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01809-8
Google Scholar

Krztoń-Królewiecka, A., Oleszczyk, M., & Windak, A. (2020). Do Polish primary care physicians meet patient expectations? BMC Family Practice, 21, 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-020-01190-1
Google Scholar

Lechowski, Ł., & Jasion, A. (2021). Spatial accessibility of primary health care in rural areas in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179282
Google Scholar

Marcinowicz, L., Konstantynowicz, J., & Chlabicz, S. (2008). The patient’s view of primary care in Poland. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 20, 277–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzn020
Google Scholar

National Health Fund. (2025). Number of PHC declarations and providers dataset. Retrieved April 30, 2025 from https://ezdrowie.gov.pl/portal/home/badania-i-dane/zdrowe-dane/zestawienia/liczba-deklaracji-poz
Google Scholar

Nessler, K., Van Poel, E., Willems, S., Wójtowicz, E., Mann, M. R., & Windak, A. (2022). The response of primary care practices in rural and urban settings in Poland to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 29(4), 575–581. https://doi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/155906
Google Scholar

org/10.26444/aaem/155906
Google Scholar

Sowada, C., Sagan, A., Kowalska-Bobko, I., Badora-Musiał, K., Bochenek, T., & Domagała, A. (2019). Poland: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 21, 1–234.
Google Scholar

Sripa, P., Hayhoe, B., Garg, P., Majeed, A., & Greenfield, G. (2019). Impact of GP gatekeeping on quality of care, health outcomes, use, and expenditure: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 69(682), e294–e303. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X702209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X702209
Google Scholar

Statistics Poland. (2025). Demographic yearbook of Poland 2025. Retrieved April 30, 2025 from https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2025,3,19.html
Google Scholar

Zakrzewska, K., Parda, N., & Rosińska, M. (2017). Prevention programmes in primary care. Przegląd Epidemiologiczny, 71, 259–269.
Google Scholar

Zakrzewski, K. M., Mularczyk-Tomczewska, P., Koweszko, T., Czyżewski, Ł., & Silczuk, A. (2025). Patterns of healthcare use and disease burden among older adults in Poland: A large-scale retrospective study of primary care utilization. Geriatrics, 10(6), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10060150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10060150
Google Scholar