Stanowisko archeologiczne Tel Moẓa w Judzie. Charakterystyka kompleksu świątynnego z okresu Pierwszej Świątyni

Ewa Ronowska

doi:10.21697/ct.2022.92.2.01

Published: 2022-05-28

Vol. 92 No. 2 (2022)

The Archaeological Site of Tel Moẓa in Judah: Characteristics of the Temple Complex from the First-Temple Period

Ewa Ronowska

Collectanea Theologica

Section: Articles

https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2022.92.2.01

Abstract

The article presents the latest findings on the interpretation of the remains of the temple complex at Tel Moẓa, located just a few kilometers away from ancient Jerusalem. These findings were based primarily on the analysis of archaeological data collected during the excavation works in the seasons 1993, 2012 and 2021. This edifice is the only hitherto discovered temple complex that existed in Judah during the Iron Age (apart from the much smaller temple in Arad) in the First-Temple period. Its discovery is crucial for the understanding of the process of cult practices development and the formation of religious traditions in Israel and Judah. The temple at Tel Moẓa was built according to the plan characteristic of this type of buildings erected in the Levant. It also corresponds to the biblical description of the Temple of Solomon. Initially, some Canaanite deities were probably worshipped here, and in the 8th century BC the cult of Yahweh could also be introduced. The place was still in use in the Persian period.

Keywords:

Tel Moẓa, Bible, biblical archeology, archeology, Temple of Solomon, cult practices

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Download files

PDF (Język Polski)

Citation rules

Ronowska, E. (2022). The Archaeological Site of Tel Moẓa in Judah: Characteristics of the Temple Complex from the First-Temple Period. Collectanea Theologica, 92(2), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2022.92.2.01

Cited by / Share

References

Ben-Shlomo, D., „Philistine Cult and Religion According to Archaeological Evidence”, Religions 10/2 (2019) art. nr 74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020074
Google Scholar

Bloch-Smith, E., „Maṣṣēbôt in the Israelite Cult: An Argument for Rendering Implicit Cultic Criteria Explicit”, Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel. Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar (red. J. Day; London – New York, NY: T & T Clark 2007) 28–39.
Google Scholar

Burkert, W., „Lescha-liškah. Sakrale Gastlichkeit zwischen Palästina und Griechenland”, Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und dem Alten Testament: Internationale Symposion Hamburg, 17–21 Marz 1990 (red. B. Janowski – K. Koch – G. Wilhelm; Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 129; Freiburg: Universitätsverlag – Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1993) 19–38.
Google Scholar

Childe, G.V., „The Urban Revolution”, The Town Planning Review 21/1 (1950) 3–17. DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40102108?origin=JSTOR-pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.21.1.k853061t614q42qh
Google Scholar

David, A., „Judahite Temple by Jerusalem May Have Housed Statue of Canaanite God”, Haaretz (Oct. 27, 2021), https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/judahite-temple-by-jerusalem-may-have-housed-statue-of-canaanite-god-1.10330237?fbclid=IwAR0Ty00jGjitF66T_N5wx91S0bXuIXrI7WgIdTn_Kn0VEPuHUKsmHTOouDw.
Google Scholar

Faust, A., „Israelite Temples: Where Was Israelite Cult Not Practiced, and Why”, Religions 10/2 (2019) art. nr 106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10020106
Google Scholar

Garfinkel, Y., „The Iron Age Clay Figurine Head”, Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 4. Excavation Report 2007–2013: Art, Cult, and Epigraphy (red. Y. Garfinkel – S. Ganor – M.G. Hasel; Jerusalem: Jerusalem Israel Exploration Society 2018) 143–163.
Google Scholar

Garfinkel, Y. – Mumcuoglu M., „The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context”, Religions 10/3 (2019) art. nr 198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10030198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10030198
Google Scholar

Garfinkel, Y., „The Face of Yahweh?”, Biblical Archaeology Review 46/4 (2020) 30–33, https://www.academia.edu/43828953/Garfinkel_2020_The_Face_of_Yahweh_BAR_46_4_30_33.
Google Scholar

Greenhut, Z., „Moẓa during the 10th–9th Centuries BCE: The Results of Excavation Seasons 1993, 2002, and 2003 and their Reflection in a Wider Judahite Context”, State Formation Processes in the 10th Century BCE Levant (red. A. Faust – Y. Garfinkel M. Mumcuoglu), Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1 (2021) 180–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52486/01.00001.7
Google Scholar

Greenhut, Z. – de Groot, A., Salvage Excavations at Tel Motza—The Bronze and Iron Age Settlements and Later Occupations (Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority 2009).
Google Scholar

Herrmann, W., „Baal”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (red. K. van der Toorn – B. Becking – P.W. van der Horst; wyd. 2; Leiden – Boston, MA – Köln: Brill 1999) 132–139.
Google Scholar

Herrmann, W., „El”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (red. K. van der Toorn – B. Becking – P.W. van der Horst; wyd. 2; Leiden – Boston, MA – Köln: Brill 1999) 274–280.
Google Scholar

Hurowitz, V., „Inside Solomon’s Temple,” Bible Review 10/2 (1994), 24–25, 28, 30–37.
Google Scholar

Hurowitz, V., „Yhwh’s Exalted House – Aspects of the Design and Symbolism of Solomon’s Temple”, Temple and Worship in Biblical Israel. Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar (red. J. Day; London – New York (NY): T & T Clark 2007) 63–110.
Google Scholar

Hurowitz, V., „Solomon’s Temple in Context”, Biblical Archaeology Review 37/2 (2011) 46–57.
Google Scholar

Interview with Shua Kisilevitz, Director of Tel Moza Excavation in Israel, Bible & Archaeology – The University of Iowa, https://bam.sites.uiowa.edu/articles/interview-kisilevitz?fbclid=IwAR0r4FSdDtcxq1GjVbD_7bQAawWWZtY3VNLtMMTHlewePAI1dxpgtlLcRk.
Google Scholar

Kamlah, J., „Temples of the Levant – Comparative Aspects,” Temple Building and Temple Cult, Architecture and Cultic Paraphernalia of Temples in the Levant (2–1 Mill. BCE) (red. J. Kamlah – H. Michelau et al.; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2012) 507–534.
Google Scholar

Keel, O. – Uehlinger, C., Dieux, déesses et figurines divines. Les sources iconographiques de l’histoire de la religion d’Israël (Paris: Cerf 2001) (wyd. niem., Fribourg-en-Brisgau – Basel – Wien: Herder 1992).
Google Scholar

Khalaily, H. – Re’em, A. – Vardi, J. – Milevski, I., „Foreword: The Motza (Moẓa) Excavations and Beyond”, The Mega Project at Motza (Moẓa): The Neolithic and Later Occupations up to the 20th Century. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region. Supplementary Volume (red. H. Khalaily – A. Re’em – J. Vardi – I. Milevski; Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority 2020) 9–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5bh.3
Google Scholar

Khalaily, H. – Vardi, J., „The New Excavations at Motza: An Architectural Perspective on a Neolithic ‘Megasite’ in the Judean Hills”, The Mega Project at Motza (Moẓa): The Neolithic and Later Occupations up to the 20th Century. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region. Supplementary Volume (red. H. Khalaily – A. Re’em – J. Vardi – I. Milevski; Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority 2020) 69–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5bh.6
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S., „The Iron IIA Judahite Temple at Tel Moza”, Tel Aviv 42/2 (2015) 147–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/0334435515Z.00000000052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/0334435515Z.00000000052
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S., „Terracotta Figurines from the Iron IIA Temple at Moza, Judah”, Les Carnets de l’ACoSt Association for Coroplastic Studies, 15 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/acost.980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/acost.980
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Eirikh-Rose, A. – Khalaily, H. – Greenhut, Z., „Moẓa, Tel Moẓa. Preliminary Report”, Hadashot Akheologiyot. Excavation and Surveys in Israel 126 (2014), http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=10582&mag_id=121.
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Lipschits, O., „Another Temple in Judah!” Biblical Archaeology Review 46/1 (2020) 40–49.
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Lipschits, O., „Tel Moẓa: An Economic and Cultic Center from the Iron Age II (First Temple Period)”, The Mega Project at Motza (Moẓa): The Neolithic and Later Occupations up to the 20th Century. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region. Supplementary Volume (red. H. Khalaily – A. Re’em – J. Vardi – I. Milevski; Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority 2020) 295–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5bh.14
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Lipschits, O., „Tel Moẓa. Preliminary Report”, Hadashot Akheologiyot. Excavation and Surveys in Israel 132 (2020), http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25702&mag_id=128.
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Koch I. – Lipschits, O. – Vanderhooft, D.S., „Facing the Facts About the ‘Face of God’. A Critical Response to Yosef Garfinkel”, Biblical Archaeology Review 46/5 (2020) 38–45.
Google Scholar

Kisilevitz, S. – Lipschits, O., „Tel Moẓa Expedition Project 2021 Season: Excavating an Economic and Cultic Site from the Iron Age II near Jerusalem”, TAU Archaeology Newsletter of The Jacob M. Alkow Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures The Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology The Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities 8 (2022) 36. Newsletter 2022.pdf: https://en-humanities.tau.ac.il/sites/humanities_en.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/ArchaeologyInstitute/Publications/Newsletter%20arch%20TAU/PDFS/Newsletter%202022.pdf.
Google Scholar

Lipiński, E., Studia z dziejów i kultury starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, Kraków: Zakład Wydawniczy NOMOS 2013.
Google Scholar

Liverani, M., Nie tylko Biblia. Historia starożytnego Izraela (tł. J. Puchalski; Warszawa 2010). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323531395
Google Scholar

Majewski, M., Pięcioksiąg odczytany na nowo. Przesłanie autora kapłańskiego (P) i jego wpływ na powstanie Pięcioksięgu (Kraków: Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II 2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15633/9788374386524
Google Scholar

Mazar, A., „Temples of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age”, The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods (red. A. Kempinski – R. Reich; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society 1992) 161–187.
Google Scholar

Na’aman, N., „The Judahite Temple at Tel Moza near Jerusalem: The House of Obed-Edom?”, Tel Aviv 44/1 (2017) 3–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2017.1280970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2017.1280970
Google Scholar

Negev, A. et al., Encyklopedia archeologiczna Ziemi Świętej (tł. O Zienkiewicz; Warszawa: Da Capo 2002).
Google Scholar

Niesiołowski-Spanò, Ł., Dziedzictwo Goliata. Filistyni i Hebrajczycy w czasach biblijnych (Toruń: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2012).
Google Scholar

Niesiołowski-Spanò, Ł. – Stebnicka, K., Historia Żydów w starożytności. Od Thotmesa do Mahometa (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2020).
Google Scholar

van Oorschot, J. – Witte M., The Origins of Yahwism (Berlin – Boston, MA: De Gruyter 2019).
Google Scholar

Pakkala, J. „The Origins of Yahwism from the Perspective of Deuteronomism”, The Origins of Yahwism (red. J. van Oorschot – M. Witte; Berlin – Boston, MA: De Gruyter 2019) 267–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110448221-012
Google Scholar

Römer, T., L’invention de Dieu, Paris: Éditions du Seuil 2014).
Google Scholar

Ronowska, E., „Problem działalności budowlanej Salomona w świetle najnowszych odkryć archeologicznych w Megiddo”, Collectanea Theologica 90/3 (2020) 11–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.3.03. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.3.03
Google Scholar

Ronowska, E., „Kiriat-Jearim – sanktuarium Arki Przymierza i domniemane Emaus w świetle najnowszych odkryć archeologicznych”, Collectanea Theologica 90/4 (2020) 5–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.4.01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.4.01
Google Scholar

Rosół, R., „Kwestia léschē-liškâ – próba reinterpretacji”, Starożytna Palestyna – między Wschodem a Zachodem (red. M. Münnich – Ł. Niesiołowski-Spanò; Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL 2008) 149–159.
Google Scholar

Shapira, D., „The Moza Temple and Solomon’s Temple”, Bibliotheca Orientalis 75/1–2 (2018) 25–48, https://www.academia.edu/38346245/The_Moza_Temple_and_Solomons_Temple.
Google Scholar

Shuster, R., „In Photos: Excavating the great temple at Motza near Jerusalem”, Haaretz (Aug. 26, 2021), https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/TIMELINE-in-photos-excavating-the-great-temple-at-motza-near-jerusalem-1.10145848?fbclid=IwAR1U25%20HHDU8asbK9MqfeOAEKCwhTZZFcUSL7WdeHnLb-Vx877Z6_Zar6A4.
Google Scholar

Uehlinger, C., „Anthropomorphic Cult Statuary in Iron Age Palestine and the Search for Yahweh's Cult Images”, The Image and the Book: Iconic Cults, Aniconism, and the Rise of Book Religion in Israel and the Ancient Near East (red. K. van der Toorn; Leuven: Peeters 1997) 97–155.
Google Scholar

Uehlinger, C., „Beyond ‘Image Ban’ and ‘Aniconism’: Reconfiguring Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish Religions in a Visual and Material Religion Perspective”, Figurations and Sensations of the Unseen in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Contested Desires (red. B. Meyer – T. Stordalen; London – New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic 2019) 99–123.
Google Scholar

Waszkowiak, J.J., The Altar Laws in the Pentateuch in the Light of the Archaeological Evidence (Studia i Materiały – Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Wydział Teologiczny 161; Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza 2013).
Google Scholar

West, M.L., Wschodnie oblicze Helikonu. Pierwiastki zachodnioazjatyckie w greckiej poezji i micie (tł. M. Filipczuk – T. Polański; Kraków: Wydawnictwo Homini 2008).
Google Scholar