Published: 2023-05-16

"The image of His Majesty they cut with sabers". Ritual destruction of Polish kings images during the Swedish Deluge and its European context.

Jacek Żukowski
Artifex Novus
Section: Artykuły tematyczne
https://doi.org/10.21697/an.12125

Abstract

The article is an initial research reconnaissance of the issue of early modern political iconoclasm aimed at portraits of Polish monarchs. Sources confirm that during the Second Northern War (especially in 1657) in Cracow, peculiar executions of the portraits of Jan Kazimierz, queen consort Marie Louise Gonzague de Nevers and Ladislas IV Vasa were organized. These canvases were turned into shooting ranges, slashed with sabers and swords, eyes were cut out, accompanied by insults and taunts, lampoons, dances and spitting; the images were tram- pled on and then thrown into latrines or through windows. The author tries to prove that, apart from the ludic side (“recreation”) and the desire for ideological retaliation, it was an example of punishment “in substitution”, ritual political and confessional iconoclasm, aimed at the destruction of the system of signs, a phenomenon that deserves further research, e.g. in the context of symbolic violence and the ceremonial ritual function of the portrait of monarch, treated as substitutes for his person or considered “personified images of the law flowing from the ruler.” Hence the legal qualification of such acts as a crimen leasemaiestatis. The author points out an analogy to the great French Revolution, when royal portraits were subjected to acts of desacralisation, ritually massacred and humiliated, and finally burned as if they were plagued (“exorcism”, “amputation” of the past), masquerades and parodies of processions were organised. The above-mentioned examples testify to the exceptional power of the im- ages, the power that is the subject of fierce struggle and rebellion.

Keywords:

Second Northern War, Paul Würtz, Kraków, John II Casimir, Louise-Marie de Gonzague, Wladyslaw IV, iconoclasm, crimen laesae maiestatis

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Żukowski, J. (2023). "The image of His Majesty they cut with sabers". Ritual destruction of Polish kings images during the Swedish Deluge and its European context. Artifex Novus, (6), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.21697/an.12125

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