(Post-)deuteronomistyczny zakaz transwestytyzmu (Pwt 22,5)? Pytanie o jego właściwy sens i motywację

Janusz Lemański

doi:10.21697/ct.2020.90.1.03

Published: 2020-05-20

Vol. 90 No. 1 (2020)

(Post-)Deuteronomic Prohibition of Transvestitism (Deut 22:5)? The Question of Its Proper Meaning and Motivations

Janusz Lemański

Collectanea Theologica

Section: Articles

https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.1.03

Abstract

Deut 22:5 is the only prohibition of transvestitism in the Bible and its
cultural environment. The context in which it appears suggests that it was
inserted secondarily, in the period after the Babylonian Exile. This view
narrows down various speculations concerning the original Sitz im Leben of
this precept, and it leads one to understand it primarily within the framework
of the canonical shape of the whole Pentateuch. Accordingly, this regulation
mainly refers to the rule of the bisexual division of human nature (Gen 1–2),
the rule of preserving the order of creation (not mixing species; Lev 19:19;
Deut 22:9-11), as well as the preservation of the procreative force, here
mainly related to masculinity (Gen 5:1-3; cf. 1:28; 9:1.7).

Keywords:

Cross-Dressing, Masculinity, The Book of Deuteronomy, sexuality, pro-creation

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Janusz Lemański, Abraham versus Jacob , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 88 No. 4 (2018)
Janusz Lemański, Attitudes to Suicide in the Statements of Biblical Authors and Their Narrative and Cultural Context , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 94 No. 1 (2024)
Janusz Lemański, Jephthah and his vow (Jdg 11:29-40) - A Contextual Reading , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 90 No. 4 (2020)
Janusz Lemański, Hezekiah and the Centralization of Worship (2 Kgs 18:4.22) , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 92 No. 1 (2022)
Janusz Lemański, (Post-)Deuteronomistic Prohibition of Transvestitism (Deut 22:5)? The Question of Its Actual Meaning and Motivations , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 90 No. 5 (2020): Fasciculus specialis
Janusz Lemański, Abraham versus Jacob , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 90 No. 5 (2020): Fasciculus specialis
Janusz Lemański, "You Shall Not Give up a Slave to His Master…” (Deut 23:16–17): The Law That Preceded Its Epoch? , Collectanea Theologica: Vol. 92 No. 3 (2022)

Download files

PDF (Język Polski)

Citation rules

Lemański, J. (2020). (Post-)Deuteronomic Prohibition of Transvestitism (Deut 22:5)? The Question of Its Proper Meaning and Motivations. Collectanea Theologica, 90(1), 77–104. https://doi.org/10.21697/ct.2020.90.1.03

Cited by / Share

References

A Greek – English Lexicon of the Sepruagint, t. 1-2, red. J. Lust, E. Eynikel, K. Hauspie, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 1996).
Google Scholar

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, red. J. B. Pritchard (Princeton: University Press 31969) (= ANET3).
Google Scholar

Attridge H. W., Oden R. A., The Syrian Goddess (De Dea Syria). Attributed to Lucian (Society of Biblical Literature. Texts and Translations 9) (Missoula: Scholars 1976).
Google Scholar

Beyse K. M., „kelî”, [w:] TDOT, t. 7 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1995) 169-175.
Google Scholar

Biddle M. E., Deuteronomy (Macon: Smith&Helwys 2003).
Google Scholar

Bratsioti N. P., „’îš”, [w:] Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, t. 1 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1977) 222-235 (= TDOT).
Google Scholar

Braulik G., Deuteronomium II16,18-34,12 (NEB) (Würzbur: Echter Verlag 1992).
Google Scholar

Brettler M. Zvi, „Gender in the Bible”, [w:] Jewish Study Bible, red. A. Berlin, M. Zvi Brettler (New York: Oxford University Press 2014) 2177-2184.
Google Scholar

Brettler M Zvi, „Happy is the man, who fills his quiver with them” (Ps 127,5): Construction of Masculinities in the Psalms”, [w:] Being a Man: Negatiating Ancient Constructs of Masculinity, red. I. Zsolnay (Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East) (London: Routledge 2017) 198-203.
Google Scholar

Carmichael C. M., The Law of Deuteronomy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1974).
Google Scholar

Christensen D. L., Deuteronomy 21,10-34,12 (WBC 6B) (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishing 2002).
Google Scholar

Craigie P. C., The Book of Deuteronomy (NICOT) (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1976).
Google Scholar

Crouch C. L., The Making of Israel: Cultural Diversity in the Southern Levant (Leiden, Boston: Brill 2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004274693
Google Scholar

Doerfler M. E., „Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity”, [w:] Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity, red. A. Batten, C. Daniel-Hughes, K. Upson-Saia (Burlington: VT: Ashgate 2014) 37-54.
Google Scholar

Drijvers H. J. W., „Atargatis”, [w:] Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, red. K. van der Toorn i inni (Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill 1999)114-116.
Google Scholar

Driver S. R., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy (ICC) (Edinburg: T&T Clark 1895).
Google Scholar

Filon Alexandryjski, Pisma, tłum. L. Joachimowicz (Warszawa: Pax 1986).
Google Scholar

Flawiusz Józef, Dawne dzieje Izraela, część 1, tłum. Z. Kubiak, J. Radożycki (Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm 1997).
Google Scholar

Fox N. S., „Gender Transformation and Transgression: Contextualizing the Prohibition of Cross-Dressing in Deuteronomy 22:5”, [w:] Mishneh Todah. Studies in Deuteronomy and Its Cultural Environment. Fs. J. H. Tigay, red. N. S. Fox, D. A. Glatt-Gilad, M. J. Williams (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns 2009) 49-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxgzpp.11
Google Scholar

Frymer-Kensky T., „Law and Philosophy: The Case of Sex in the Bible”, Semeia 45 (1989) 89-102.
Google Scholar

Gaster Th. H., Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament (New York: Harper & Row 1969).
Google Scholar

Gesenius Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwöwerterbuch über das Alte Testament, red. R. Meyer, H. Donner, t. 1-7(Berlin: Springer Verlag 1987-2012) (= Ges18). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61713-3_1
Google Scholar

Goldingay J., Old Testament Theology, t. 3: Israel’s Life (Dovners Grove: IPV Academic 2009).
Google Scholar

Gordon C. H., „A Note on the Tenth Commandment”, Journal of Bible and Religion 31 (1963) 208-209.
Google Scholar

Groneberg B., „Die sumerisch-akkadische Inanna/Ištar: Hermaphroditas?, Die Welt des Orients 17 (1986) 25-46.
Google Scholar

Hallo W. W., „Biblical Abomination and Sumerian Taboos”, 76 (1985-1986) 21-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1454539
Google Scholar

Hamilton V.P., „gebîrâ”, [w:] NIDOTTE, t. 1 (London: Paternoster Press 1997) 800-802.
Google Scholar

Harland P. J., „Menswear and Womenswear: A Study of Deuteronomy 22:5”, Expository Times 110 (1998-1999) 73-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001452469811000303
Google Scholar

Harris R., „Inanna-Istar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites” History of Religion 30 (1991) 261-278 = [w:] Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature, red. R. Harris (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2000) 158-171.
Google Scholar

Helck W., Betrachtungen zur Grossen Göttin und der ihn verbundenen Gottheiten (Religion und Kultur der alten Mittelmeerwelt in Parallelforschungen ) (München, Wien: Oldenbourg 1971).
Google Scholar

Hölscher G., „Kompostion und Ursprungs der Deuteronomiums”, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlische Wissenschaft 40 (1922) 161-225.
Google Scholar

Hoffner H. A. jr., „Symbols for Masculinity and Femininity: Their Use in Ancient Near Eastern Pathetic Magic Rituals”, Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (1966) 326-334.
Google Scholar

Houtman C., „Another Look at Forbidden Mixtures”, Vetus Testamentum 34 (1984) 226-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853384X00548
Google Scholar

Kaufman S. A., „The Structure of the Deuteronomic Law”, Maarav 12 (1978-1979) 105-158.
Google Scholar

Kletter R., „Pots and Polities: Material Remaine of Late Iron Age Judah in Relation to Its Political Border”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 34 (1999) 19-54.381-385.
Google Scholar

Kosmala H., „gabar”, [w:] Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, t. 2 (Grand Rapids: Eerdman 1977) 367-382.
Google Scholar

Lambert W. G., Babylonian Wisdom Lterature (Oxford: Clarendon 1960).
Google Scholar

Lemański J., Księga Rodzaju rozdziały 1-11 (NKB. ST I/1) (Częstochowa: Św, Paweł 2013).
Google Scholar

Lemański J., Księga Rodzaju rozdziały 11,27-36,43 (NKB. ST I/1) (Częstochowa: Św, Paweł 2014).
Google Scholar

Licht H., Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, tłum. J. H. Freese (London: Constable 1994; oryg. niem. z 1931).
Google Scholar

Liebman T., The Jewish Exegetical History of Deuteronomy 22:5: Required Gender Separation or Prohibited Cross-Dressing? (Masters Thesis; Montreal: Departament of Jewish Studies, McGill University 2002).
Google Scholar

Lipka H., „The Prohibition of Cross-Dressing. What does Deuteronomy 22: 5 Prohibit and Why?” na stronie thetorach.com (dostęp 10.06.2019).
Google Scholar

Loeb Classical Library: loebclassics.com.
Google Scholar

Lundbom J. R., Deuteronomy. A Commentary (Cambridge: Eerdmans 2013).
Google Scholar

Łach S., Księga Powtórzonego Prawa (PŚST II-3) (Poznań, Warszawa: Pallotinum 1971).
Google Scholar

Mayes A. D. H., Deuteronomy (NCBC) (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1979; 21981).
Google Scholar

Merrill E. H., Deuteronomy (NAC 4) (Nashville: B&H Publishing Group 1994).
Google Scholar

Miller P. D., Deuteronomy (Louisville: John Knox 1990) 162; M. E. Biddle, Deuteronomy (Macon: Smith&Helwys 2003).
Google Scholar

Nelson R. D., Deuteronomy (OTL) (Louisville, London: John Knox Press 2002).
Google Scholar

Nielsen E., Deuteronomium (HAT 1/6) (Tübingen: Mohr - Siebeck 1995).
Google Scholar

Otto E., Deuteronomium 12,1-23,15 (HThKAT) (Freiburg, Basel, Wien: Herder 2016).
Google Scholar

Paganini S., Deuteronomium (I libri Biblici. Primo Testamento) (Milano: Paoline 2011).
Google Scholar

Penna A., Deteronomio (Torino, Roma: Manetti 1976).
Google Scholar

Pryke L. M., Ishtar: Gods and Heroes of Ancient World (London, New York: Routledge 2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716329
Google Scholar

Rad G. von, Deuteronomio, tłum. A dal Bianco (Brescia: Paidea Editrice 1979; oryg. niem. 1964).
Google Scholar

Rad G. von, Teologia Starego Testamentu, tłum. B. Widła (Warszawa: Pax 1986).
Google Scholar

Rodd C. S., Glimpses of a Strange Land. Studies in Old Testament Ethics (Edinburg: T&T Clark 2001).
Google Scholar

Römer W. H. Ph., „Randbemerkungen zur Travestie von Deut. 22.5”, [w:] Travestie in the World of the Old Testament (Studia Semitica Neerlandica 16), red. M. Heerm van Voss i inni (AssenL Van Gorcum 1974) 217-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004354531_026
Google Scholar

Rofé A., „The Arangement of the Laws in Deteronomy”, [w:] Deuteronomy. Issues and Interpretation (London, New York: T&T Clark 2002) 55-77.
Google Scholar

Roscoe W., „Priest of the Goodess: Gender Transgression in Ancient Religion”, History of Religion 35 (1996) 213-217.
Google Scholar

Slawik J. i I., „Homoseksualizm problemem Kościoła?”, Rocznik Teologiczny 52 (2010) 9-69.
Google Scholar

Słownik grecko-polski, opr. O. Jurewicz (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN 2001).
Google Scholar

Słownik mitologii Mezopotamii, red. J. Black, A. Green (Katowice: Księżnica 1998)
Google Scholar

Słownik tła biblii, red. J. I. Packer, M. C. Tenney, tłum. Z. Kościuk (Warszawa: Vocatio 2007).
Google Scholar

Steuernagel C., Das Deuteronomium übersetzt und erklärt (HK I 3/1) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck& Ruprecht 21923).
Google Scholar

The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, t. 1-8, red. D. J. A. Clines (Sheffield: Academic Press 1993- 2011).
Google Scholar

Tigay J. H., Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary (PhiladelphiaJewish Publication Society 1996).
Google Scholar

Tronina A., „Eposy ugaryckie o Kerecie i Akhacie”, [w:] Scripturae Lumen. Biblia i jej oddziaływanie, t. 1: Ewangelia o Królestwie, red. A. Paciorek (Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL 2009) 563-621.
Google Scholar

Vedeler H. T., „Reconstructing Meaning in Deuteronomy 22:5: Gender, Society, and Transvestitism in Israel and the Ancient Near East”, Journal of Biblical Literature 127 (2008) 459-476.
Google Scholar

Walton J. H., Walton J. H., The Lost World of the Torah: Law as Covenant in Ancient Context (Downer Grove: IVP Academic 2019).
Google Scholar

Weinfeld M., Deuteronomy and Deuteronomic School (Oxford: Clarendon 1972).
Google Scholar

Weippert H., „Kleidung”, [w:] Biblische Reallexikon, red. K. Galling (HAT Erste Reihe 1) (Tübingen: Mohr – Siebeck 1977) 185-188.
Google Scholar

Weippert H., „Kleidung”, [w:] Neues Bibel-Lexikon, t. 2, red. M. Görg, B. Lang (Zürich, Düsseldorf: Benziger 1995) 495-499.
Google Scholar

Wenham G. J., „The Old Testament Attitude to Homoseksuality”, Expository Times 102 (1990-1991) 259-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001452469110201203
Google Scholar

Wielki słownik hebrajsko-polski i aramejsko-polski Starego Testamentu, t. 1-2, red. L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J. J. Stamm (Warszawa: Vocatio 2008) (= KBL).
Google Scholar