Stary Zamek w Grodnie od końca XVI w. do początków XVIII w. Architektura oraz układ funkcjonalny

Mikola Volkau

doi:10.21697/an.13461

Published: 2023-12-30

No. 7 (2023)

The Old Castle in Hrodna at the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century. Architecture and functional layout

Mikola Volkau

Artifex Novus

Section: Artykuły tematyczne

https://doi.org/10.21697/an.13461

Abstract

The Old Castle in Grodno (Гродна) is one of the most important royal residences in the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The period of its greatest splendour began at the end of the 16th century, when Stephen Báthory built a magnificent Renaissance residence on the site of the former defensive castle of the Dukes of Lithuania. The set of written and graphic sources collected and partly published by the researchers is the main basis for research into the architecture of the Old Castle.

Stephen Báthory had certainly not completed the construction of his residence, although the main palace, where the monarch spent the last year of his life and died, had been finished. The Grodno residence was also used by the kings from the Vasa dynasty. Prince Ladislaus played a particularly important role as the continuer of its reconstruction.

The ground floor of the palace was divided into a number of rooms that served a domestic function. The main external single flight staircase led to the first floor, and there were additional staircases on both sides of the palace. The Piano nobile was divided into a public area on the left and private royal flats on the right. To the left of the hallway were the dining chamber, which was the most representative room of the palace, and the audience chamber in the corner room. The royal bedroom where Stefan Batory died was located in a small room in the middle of the palace on the city side, with a cabinet next to it. During the Vasa period, the royal bedroom was moved to a larger room in the corner of the palace, and a room for the royal guard was located next to the main entrance. The king's private rooms were extended to the south-west, through a brick corridor on the medieval wall connecting to the chapel above the gate, the baths and the Alabaster Room in the former two-storey tower-gate in the south frontage of the castle. To the west of this was another converted tower of the former medieval castle, which together with the two-storey building next door was used for court sessions. The last buildings were single-storey: a brick outbuilding and large royal kitchens along the north side and wooden servants' flats between the gate and the bathhouse.

A difficult time for the Grodno residence was the Moscow occupation in 1655-1661. Much of the devastation was due to the war effort and the lack of attempts at repair. In 1673, a decision was taken to host each third session of the sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Grodno, after which the construction work began on the Old Castle. In addition to the restoration of the roofs and vaults, the layout of the rooms on the first floor of the palace was changed to create a larger hall for the Senate, and a parliamentary chamber was located on the south side of the castle courtyard. Most of the other rooms on the ground and first floors of the palace, the gatehouse and the former bathhouse were given over to residential use.

During the Great Northern War, the Old Castle was not destroyed, but the deliberate damage to the buildings by Russian soldiers caused its further decline. Conservation attempts to preserve the premises were made without serious efforts to renovate all the castle. The idea of restoring the parliamentary seat on its former site was abandoned soon after the war, and after 1736 the king August III decided to build a residence in the New Castle.

Keywords:

royal residences, parliamentary residences, castles, Stefan Batory, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grodno (Гроoдна)

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Volkau , M. (2023). The Old Castle in Hrodna at the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century. Architecture and functional layout. Artifex Novus, (7), 78–104. https://doi.org/10.21697/an.13461

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