Legal Consequences of the Prohibition on Widows’ Remarriage in Roman Law

Piotr Niczyporuk; Piotr Kołodko

doi:10.21697/zp.2018.18.3.06

Published: 2018-11-16

Vol. 18 No. 3 (2018)

Legal Consequences of the Prohibition on Widows’ Remarriage in Roman Law

Piotr Niczyporuk , Piotr Kołodko

Zeszyty Prawnicze

Section: Artykuły

https://doi.org/10.21697/zp.2018.18.3.06

Abstract

In the archaic period violations of the prohibition relating to mourning was regarded as a nefas and hence subject to penalisation under religious law. A widow guilty of an infringement was required to make an expiatory sacrifce known as a piaculum, viz. a bovis feta. This religious and customary practice underwent a series of transformations and eventually became a law (ius). In the pre-classical period the prohibition on the remarriage of widows in the period of mourning was perceived primarily as subject to penalties laid down by civil law. This was due to the question of the paternity of any oﬀspring such a widow might bear in the tempus lugendi. The edictum perpetuum names the persons who were liable to infamy if they committed a breach of the prohibition on the remarriage of a widow within the period of mourning for her deceased husband. Such persons could neither engage in postulare pro aliis nor act as a procurator or cognitor. One of the consequences of a sentence of praetorian infamy was the convicted person’s forfeiture of the right to appoint his or her plenipotentiaries for legal proceedings.

The classical period brought fundamental changes in the law on remarriage. Nonetheless, even though Augustus encouraged citizens to remarry, yet his legal provisions left widows a certain period of time following the loss of their husband in which they could refrain from remarrying. The reason behind this legal arrangement was not so much mourning as such; it was rather a question of Augustus wanting to show his respect for univirae (women who had been married only once). Augustus kept in force the provisions that gave a bad reputation to people who violated the prohibition of widows’ remarriage. The significance and eﬀectiveness of these regulations made them a subject for jurists’ commentary, on account of the need to avoid situations where the paternity of children born to widows was uncertain. The prohibition on the remarriage of widows also shows that the creators of these regulations wanted marriage to be contracted primarily for the purpose of procreation, which would ensure the continuation of Roman families, especially as regards the perpetuation of their sacra, nomina, and pecunia.

Keywords:

luctus, tempus lugendi, tempus legitimum, secundae nuptiae, widow, period of mourning, new marriage.

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Niczyporuk, P., & Kołodko, P. (2018). Legal Consequences of the Prohibition on Widows’ Remarriage in Roman Law. Zeszyty Prawnicze, 18(3), 151–177. https://doi.org/10.21697/zp.2018.18.3.06

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Piotr Niczyporuk

niczyporukpiotr@wp.pl

Affiliation:

Uniwersytet w Białymstoku

Piotr Kołodko

Affiliation:

Uniwersytet w Białymstoku